Indexing
All Issues
Submission
Author Guidelines
Reviewers
Editorial Members
Publication Fee
Vol.4 , No. 5, Publication Date: Aug. 8, 2017, Page: 35-40
, 24.39% (ethyl acetate fraction) and 52.17% (aqueous fraction) were obtained from the crude extract. Chloroform fraction was active on three Gram negative organisms (<i>S. typhi, S. paratyphi</i> A, B and C) with zones of inhibition ranging from 10.00±1.15 to 12.33±0.33mm while ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions were active on all the tested organisms with zones of inhibition ranging from 11.33±0.67 to 16.33±0.67mm and 14.33±0.33 to 16.33±1.00mm respectively. Considering the antimicrobial activity of the crude fractions as reported by previous studies, it can therefore be concluded that the fractions might be less active at their partially purified state and may exert considerable activity in their combined state or may be bacteriostatic in activity when applied for the control and treatment of infections caused by the test organisms.&picture=http://www.aascit.org/aascit/decorators/img/journal/922.jpg)
| [1] | Daniel Augustine Innalegwu, Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (Drug and Vaccine Discovery Unit), Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria. |
| [2] | Ewansiha Joel Uyi, Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria. |
| [3] | Moses Bali Emmanuel, Department of Basic and Remedial Studies, Nuhu Bamalli Polytechnic, Zaria, Nigeria. |
| [4] | Opaluwa Queen Ufedo, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria. |
Quantitative phytochemical analysis, solvent partitioning and agar well diffusion methods were employed to determine the phytoconstituents, fractions and antibacterial activity of the crude extract of T. microptera leaf respectively. Results obtained reveals the presence of phenols, tannins, alkaloids and saponins at a concentration of 481.75±0.17, 70.52±1.62, 541.00±0.61 and 2.13±0.32 mg/g respectively while flavonoid was not detected. Three fractions with corresponding yield of 1.67% (chloroform fraction), 24.39% (ethyl acetate fraction) and 52.17% (aqueous fraction) were obtained from the crude extract. Chloroform fraction was active on three Gram negative organisms (S. typhi, S. paratyphi A, B and C) with zones of inhibition ranging from 10.00±1.15 to 12.33±0.33mm while ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions were active on all the tested organisms with zones of inhibition ranging from 11.33±0.67 to 16.33±0.67mm and 14.33±0.33 to 16.33±1.00mm respectively. Considering the antimicrobial activity of the crude fractions as reported by previous studies, it can therefore be concluded that the fractions might be less active at their partially purified state and may exert considerable activity in their combined state or may be bacteriostatic in activity when applied for the control and treatment of infections caused by the test organisms.
Keywords
Multidrug Resistance, Quantitative Phytochemical, Solvent Partitioning, Fractions, Antimicrobial, Zones of Inhibition
Reference
| [01] | Reddy, P., Chadaga, S. and Noskin, G. A. (2009). Antibiotic considerations in the treatment of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens: a case-based review. Journal of Hospital Medicine, 4 (6): 8-15. |
| [02] | Njinga, N. S., Sule, M. I., Pateh, U. U., Hassan, H. S., Ache, R. N., Abdullahi, S. T., and Danja, B. A. (2015). Comparative study on the antimicrobial activity of partitioned fractions of the stem- bark of ceiba pentandra (bombacaceae). Nitte University Journal of Health Science, 5 (4): 2249-7110. |
| [03] | Al-Bari, M. A. A., Sayeed, M. A. and Rahman, M. S. (2006). Characterization and antimicrobial activities of extracts in a phenolic acid derivative produced by Streptomyces bangladeshiensis, a novel species collected in Bangladesh. Journal of Research in Medical Science, 177-81. |
| [04] | Nostro, A., Germano, M. P. D., Angelo, V., Marino, A. and Cannatelli, M. A. (2000). Extraction methods and bioautography for evaluation of medicinal plant antimicrobial activity. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 30: 379-84. |
| [05] | Debas, H. T., Laxminarayan, R. and Straus, S. E. (2006). Complementary and Alternative Medicine. In: Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries. Edited by Jamison, D. T, Breman, J. G., Measham, A. R., Alleyne, G., Claeson, M. and Evans, D. B. (2006). Washington World Bank, 69. |
| [06] | Yakubu, Y., Adoum, O. A., Wudil, A. M. and Ladan, Z. (2015). Toxicity study of ethanol root extract of Terminalia microptera Guill. and Perr. (Combretaceae) and assessment of some heavy metals. African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry, 9 (9): 193-196. |
| [07] | Adesina, S. K., Idowu, O., Ogundaini, A. O., Oladimeji, H., Olugbade, T. A., Onawunmi, G. O. and Pais, M. (2000). Antimicrobial constituents of the leaves of Eacalypha wilkesiana and Acalypha hispida. Journal of Phytotherapy Research, 14: 371-374. |
| [08] | Pham, A. T., Dvergsnes, C., Togola, A., Wangensteen, H., Diallo, D., Paulsen, B. S. and Malterud, K. E. (2007). Terminalia macroptera, its current medicinal use and future perspectives. Journal of Ethno Pharmacology, 137: 1486-1491. |
| [09] | Paulsen, B. S. and Barsett, H. (2005). Bioactive pecticpolysaccharides. Advances in Polymer Science, 186: 69-101. |
| [10] | Yuang-Feng, Z., Bing-Zhao, Z., Hilde, B., Kari, T. I., Drissa, D., Terje, E. M. and Berit, S. P. (2014). Compliment fixing polysaccharides from Terminalia microptera root bark, stem bark and leaves. Molecules, 19: 7440-7458. |
| [11] | Kabiru, Y. A., Okolie, N. L., Muhammad, H. L. and Ogbadoyi, E. O. (2012). Preliminary studies on the antiplasmodial potential of aqueous and methanol extracts of Eucalyptus camadulensis leaf. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, 2: 809-814. |
| [12] | Chang, C., Yang, M., Wen, H. and Chern, J. (2002). Estimation of total flavonoid content in Propolis by two complementary colorimetric methods. Journal of Food Drug Analysis, 10: 178-182. |
| [13] | Singleton, V. L., Orthofer, R. and Lamuela-Raventos, R. M. (1999). Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Methods in Enzymology, 299: 152-178. |
| [14] | Oloyed, O. I. (2005). Chemical profile of unripe pulp of Carica pagaya. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 4: 379-381. |
| [15] | Emmanuel, E. O., Helmina, O. and Egwim, C. E. (2014). Phytochemical Constituents of Seeds of Ripe and Unripe Blighia Sapida (K. Koenig) and Physicochemical Properties of the Seed Oil. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention, 3 (9): 31-40. |
| [16] | Sarker, D. S., Latif, Z., and Gray, I. A. (2006). Natural Products Isolation. Second Edition, 4-70. |
| [17] | Wayne, P. (2002). Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute, Performance standard for antimicrobial disc susceptibility testing, National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. |
| [18] | Innalegwu, D. A., Ewansiha, J. U., Amuda, O. A. and Vivian, N. (2016). Phytochemical and Anti- microbial Study of Seventy Percent Methanol Leaf Extract of Terminalia microptera against Selected Pathogenic Bacteria. Journal of Advances in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 9 (1): 1-8. |
| [19] | Mamta, S., Jyoti, S., Rajeev, N., Dharmendra, S. and Abhishek, G. (2013). Phytochemistry of Medicinal Plants. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 1: 6. |
| [20] | Mueller-Harvey, I. and McAllan, A. B. (1992). Tannins: Their biochemistry and nutritional properties. In: Advances in plant cell biochemistry and biotechnology, Morrison, I. M. ed. JAI Press Ltd, London (UK), 1: 151-217. |
| [21] | Rao, R. V. K., Ali, N. and Reddy, M. N. (1978). Occurrence of both sapogenins and alkaloid lycorine in Curculigo orchioides. Indian Journal Pharma Science, 40: 104-105. |
| [22] | Molyneux, R. J., Nash, R. J. and Asano, N. (1996). Alkaloids: Chemical and Biological Perspectives, Pelletier, S. W., ed. Pergamon, Oxford, 11: 303. |
| [23] | Walton, N. J., Mayer, M. J. and Narbad, A. (2003). Molecules of Interest: Vanillin. Phytochemistry, 63: 505-515. |
| [24] | Gryglewski, R. J., Korbut, R. and Robak, J. (1987). On the mechanism of antithrombotic action of flavonoids. Biochemical Pharmacology, 36: 317-321. |
| [25] | De Bruyne, T., Pieters, L., Deelstra, H. and Vlietinck, A. (1999). Condensed vegetables tannins: biodiversity in structure and biological activities. Biochemical System Ecology, 27: 445-59. |
| [26] | Dolara, P., Luceri, C., De Filippo, C., Femia, A., P., Giovannelli, L., Carderni, G., Cecchini, C., Silvi, S., Orpianesi, C. and Cresci, A. (2005). Red wine polyphenols influence carcinogenesis, intestinal microflora, oxidative damage and gene expression profiles of colonic mucosa in F344 rats. Mutation Research, 591: 237-46. |
| [27] | Gyamfi, M. A. and Aniya, Y. (2002). Antioxidant properties of Thonningianin A, isolated from the African medicinal herb, Thonningia sanguine, Biochemical Pharmacology. 63: 1725-37. |
| [28] | Blytt, H. J., Guscar, T. K. and Butler, L. G. (1988). Antinutritional effects and ecological significance of dietary condensed tannins may not be due to binding and inhibiting digestive enzymes. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 14: 1455-1465. |
| [29] | Palavy, K. and Priscilla, M. D. (2006). Standardisation of selected Indian medicinal herbal raw material containing polyphenols as major constituents. Journal Pharmaceutical sciences, 68: 506-509. |
| [30] | Hugo and Rusel (2004). Detection, Identification and Characterization of Organism of Pharmaceutical and Medical in Pharmaceutical Microbiology. Edited by Stephen PD, Norman AH, and Sean PG. pp. 38-39, Blackwell Science Ltd. 2004. |
