Indexing
All Issues
Submission
Author Guidelines
Reviewers
Editorial Members
Publication Fee
Vol.5 , No. 4, Publication Date: Jun. 1, 2018, Page: 72-85
, 0.13 mg/mm<sup>2</sup> of a reference drug (“Cicaflora cream®”), and 0.52 μl/mm<sup>2</sup> of <i>Pistacia lentiscus</i> fruit oil (PLFO). The results showed an excellent quality of PLFO with High content of monoterpens and sesquiterpens. The fatty acids were dominated by Oleic acid, mono-unsaturated fatty acid, with an amount of 45.66%. The sterol content analysis revealed the prevalence of β-Sitosterol, accounting for 77.94%. The results from morphometric assessment and histological findings revealed that best wound healing activity, with reappearance of skin appendages and well organized collagen fibers without inflammatory cells, was exhibited by PLFO, followed by «CICAFLORA»®. Overall, the findings indicated that <i>P. lentiscus</i> fruit oil has a number of promising wound-healing properties that make it a strong candidate for application in human therapy.&picture=http://www.aascit.org/aascit/decorators/img/journal/906.jpg)
| [1] | Sameh Ben Khedir, Laboratory of Histology, Embryology, and Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia. |
| [2] | Sana Bardaa, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia. |
| [3] | Dorsaf Moalla, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia. |
| [4] | Zohra Ghlissi, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia. |
| [5] | Zouheir Sahnoun, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia. |
| [6] | Tarek Rebai, Laboratory of Histology, Embryology, and Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia. |
The oil extracted from Pistacia lentiscus fruit has long been used for wound healing in traditional medicine. The present study aimed to characterize an oil extract from Tunisian Pistacia L. fruit and to elucidate on the relationship between its chemical compositions and wound healing properties. The quality indices and composition and content of certain bioactive constituents of the cold pressed oil obtained from Pistacia lentiscus fruits were analyzed and studied for their wound healing properties. Uniform full thickness excision wounds were induced on the dorsum of 72 rats, randomly divided into three groups. The wounds were photographed, and topically treated with saline solution (control group), 0.13 mg/mm2 of a reference drug (“Cicaflora cream®”), and 0.52 μl/mm2 of Pistacia lentiscus fruit oil (PLFO). The results showed an excellent quality of PLFO with High content of monoterpens and sesquiterpens. The fatty acids were dominated by Oleic acid, mono-unsaturated fatty acid, with an amount of 45.66%. The sterol content analysis revealed the prevalence of β-Sitosterol, accounting for 77.94%. The results from morphometric assessment and histological findings revealed that best wound healing activity, with reappearance of skin appendages and well organized collagen fibers without inflammatory cells, was exhibited by PLFO, followed by «CICAFLORA»®. Overall, the findings indicated that P. lentiscus fruit oil has a number of promising wound-healing properties that make it a strong candidate for application in human therapy.
Keywords
Pistacia lentiscus L., Fruit Oil, Acidity, Peroxide Value, Fatty Acids, Sterols, Wound Healing, Histological Analysis
Reference
| [01] | Ayello, E. A. (2005) What does the wound say? Why determining etiology is essential for appropriate wound care, Adv Skin Wound Care 18, 98-109. |
| [02] | Rubin E, F. J., (Ed.) (1976) Repair regeneration and fibrosis., Vol. 1, 2 ed., J. B. Lippincott, Philaldephia. |
| [03] | Fulzele SV, S. P., Joshi SB, Dorle AK. (2002) Wound healing activity of Hingvadya ghrita in rats., Indian Drugs. |
| [04] | Zrira, S., Elamrani, A., and Benjilali, B. (2003) Chemical composition of the essential oil of Pistacia lentiscus L. from Morocco—a seasonal variation, Flavour and Fragrance Journal 18, 475-480. |
| [05] | Palevitch, D., Yaniv, Z., Dafni, A., and Friedman,, (Ed.) (1986) Medicinal plants of Israel – a field survey. Herbs, spicies and Medicinal Plants., Oryx Press ed., L. E. Cracker and J. Simon. |
| [06] | Ouelmouhoub, S. (2005) Gestion multi-usage et conservation du patrimoine forestier: cas des subéraires du parc national d'El Kala (algèrie), In institut agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier, p 127. |
| [07] | Sanz, M. J., Terencio, M. C., and Paya, M. (1992) Isolation and hypotensive activity of a polymeric procyanidin fraction from Pistacia lentiscus L, Pharmazie 47, 466-467. |
| [08] | Scherrer, A. M., Motti, R., and Weckerle, C. S. (2005) Traditional plant use in the areas of Monte Vesole and Ascea, Cilento National Park (Campania, Southern Italy), Journal of ethnopharmacology 97, 129-143. |
| [09] | Wyllie, S. G., Brophy, J. J., Sarafis, V., and Hobbs, M. (1990) Volatile Components of the Fruit of Pistacia Lentiscus, Journal of Food Science 55, 1325-1326. |
| [10] | Bentley, R. a. T., H.,, (Ed.) (1980) Medicinal Plants, Vol. I, J. & A. Churchill, London. |
| [11] | Paraschos, S., Magiatis, P., Mitakou, S., Petraki, K., Kalliaropoulos, A., Maragkoudakis, P., Mentis, A., Sgouras, D., and Skaltsounis, A. L. (2007) In vitro and in vivo activities of Chios mastic gum extracts and constituents against Helicobacter pylori, Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51, 551-559. |
| [12] | Gardeli, C., Vassiliki, P., Athanasios, M., Kibouris, T., and Komaitis, M. (2008) Essential oil composition of Pistacia lentiscus L. and Myrtus communis L.: Evaluation of antioxidant capacity of methanolic extracts, Food Chemistry 107, 1120-1130. |
| [13] | Janakat, S., and Al-Merie, H. (2002) Evaluation of hepatoprotective effect of Pistacia lentiscus, Phillyrea latifolia and Nicotiana glauca, Journal of ethnopharmacology 83, 135-138. |
| [14] | Villar, A., Sanz, M. J., and Paya, M. (1987) Hypotensive Effect of Pistacia lentiscus L, Pharmaceutical Biology 25, 1-3. |
| [15] | Magiatis, P., Melliou, E., Skaltsounis, A. L., Chinou, I. B., and Mitaku, S. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of Pistacia lentiscus var. chia, Planta Med. 1999 Dec; 65 (8): 749-52. |
| [16] | Kordali, S., Cakir, A., Zengin, H., and Duru, M. E. (2003) Antifungal activities of the leaves of three Pistacia species grown in Turkey, Fitoterapia 74, 164-167. |
| [17] | Giner-Larza, E. M., Manez, S., Giner-Pons, R. M., Carmen Recio, M., and Rios, J. L. (2000) On the anti-inflammatory and anti-phospholipase A (2) activity of extracts from lanostane-rich species, Journal of ethnopharmacology 73, 61-69. |
| [18] | Giner-Larza, E. M., Manez, S., Recio, M. C., Giner, R. M., Prieto, J. M., Cerda-Nicolas, M., and Rios, J. L. (2001) Oleanonic acid, a 3-oxotriterpene from Pistacia, inhibits leukotriene synthesis and has anti-inflammatory activity, Eur J Pharmacol 428, 137-143. |
| [19] | Papachristos, D. P., and Stamopoulos, D. C. (2002) Repellent, toxic and reproduction inhibitory effects of essential oil vapours on Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae), Journal of Stored Products Research 38, 117-128. |
| [20] | Tassou, C. C., and Nychas, G. J. (1995) Inhibition of Salmonella enteritidis by oleuropein in broth and in a model food system, Lett Appl Microbiol 20, 120-124. |
| [21] | Iauk, L., Ragusa, S., Rapisarda, A., Franco, S., and Nicolosi, V. M. (1996) In vitro antimicrobial activity of Pistacia lentiscus L. extracts: preliminary report, J Chemother 8, 207-209. |
| [22] | Ali-Shtayeh, M. S., and Abu Ghdeib, S. I. (1999) Antifungal activity of plant extracts against dermatophytes, Mycoses 42, 665-672. |
| [23] | Duru, M. E., Cakir, A., Kordali, S., Zengin, H., Harmandar, M., Izumi, S., and Hirata, T. (2003) Chemical composition and antifungal properties of essential oils of three Pistacia species, Fitoterapia 74, 170-176. |
| [24] | Papageorgiou, V., Gardeli, C., Mallouchos, A., Papaioannou, M., and Komaitis, M. (2008) Variation of the chemical profile and antioxidant behavior of Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Salvia fruticosa Miller grown in Greece, J Agric Food Chem 56, 7254-7264. |
| [25] | Hmimsa Y... (2004) The agrobiodiversity in the traditional agrosystems of mountains: Case of the Moroccan Rif, In Science Faculty, Tétouan, p 100, University Abdelmalek Essaâdi, Morocco. |
| [26] | Bensegueni, A. (2007) Les onguents traditionnels dans le traitement des plaies et des brulures, Université Mebtouri, Constantine. |
| [27] | Bellakhdar, (Ed.) (1997) The traditional Moroccan pharmacopeia., Vol. 766, The Fennec, Casablanca. |
| [28] | Mezghani S. (Ed.) (1992) L’exploitation traditionnelle du maquis au nord de la Tunisie: possibilité d’une meilleure utilisation, Office de l’élevage et des pâturages, Tunis. |
| [29] | Rejeb MN, K. M., Ghrabi Z, Chemli R, Albouchi A, Khaldi A, Dahman M.,, and (Eds.) (2006) Guide des plantes médicinales et aromatiques., Maghreb ed., Tunis. Tunisie. |
| [30] | Trabelsi, H., Cherif, O. A., Sakouhi, F., Villeneuve, P., Renaud, J., Barouh, N., Boukhchina, S., and Mayer, P. (2012) Total lipid content, fatty acids and 4-desmethylsterols accumulation in developing fruit of Pistacia lentiscus L. growing wild in Tunisia, Food Chemistry 131, 434-440. |
| [31] | Le Floc’h, E., & Nabli, M. A. (1983) Programme flore et végétation Tunisiennes. In: Contribution à une étude ethnobotanique de la flore Tunisienne., In imprimerie officielle de la république Tunisienne, Ministère de l’enseignement supérieur et de la recherche scientifique, Tunis. |
| [32] | Faten Mezni, A. M., Mongi Msallem, Mohamed Boussaid, Mohamed Larbi Khouja and Abdelhamid Khaldi.,. (2012) Fatty acid composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Pistacia lentiscus L. fruit oils, Journal of Medicinal plants rescherch 6, 5266-5271. |
| [33] | Trabelsi, H., Renaud, J., Herchi, W., Khouja, M., Boukhchina, S., and Mayer, P. (2013) LC–ESI–QTOF–MS, MS/MS Analysis of Glycerophospholipid Species in Three Tunisian Pistacia lentiscus Fruit Populations, Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 90, 611-618. |
| [34] | Mezni, F., Khouja, M. L., Gregoire, S., Martine, L., Khaldi, A., and Berdeaux, O. (2014) Effect of growing area on tocopherols, carotenoids and fatty acid composition of Pistacia lentiscus edible oil, Nat Prod Res 28, 1225-1230. |
| [35] | Djerrou, Z., Maameri, Z., Hamdi-Pacha, Y., Serakta, M., Riachi, F., Djaalab, H., and Boukeloua, A. (2010) Effect of virgin fatty oil of Pistacia lentiscus on experimental burn wound's healing in rabbits, Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 7, 258-263. |
| [36] | ISO660, I. n. (1996) Animal and Vegetable fats and oils. |
| [37] | ISO3960, I. n., (2001) (3rd ed.). (2001) Animal and Vegetable fats and oils, Determination of peroxide value., 3rd ed ed. |
| [38] | International Olive Council. (2001) Preparation of the fatty acid methyl esters from olive oil and olive pomace oil. |
| [39] | International Olive Council, C. T. (2001) Determination of the composition and content of sterols by capillary-column gas chromatography. |
| [40] | International Olive Council. (2013) Determination of the composition and content of sterols and triterpene dialcohols by capillary column gas chromatography. |
| [41] | Shivananda Nayak, B., Dan Ramdath, D., Marshall, J. R., Isitor, G., Xue, S., and Shi, J. (2011) Wound-healing properties of the oils of Vitis vinifera and Vaccinium macrocarpon, Phytother Res 25, 1201-1208. |
| [42] | Zippel, J., Deters, A., and Hensel, A. (2009) Arabinogalactans from Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poiret bark as active principles for wound-healing properties: specific enhancement of dermal fibroblast activity and minor influence on HaCaT keratinocytes, Journal of ethnopharmacology 124, 391-396. |
| [43] | Gutierrez, F., Perdiguero, S., García, J. M., and Castellano, J. M. (1992) Quality of oils from olives stored under controlled atmosphere, Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society 69, 1215-1218. |
| [44] | International Olive Council. (2001) Determination of trans unsaturated fatty acids by capillary column gas chromatography. |
| [45] | Ahmed, B. (2009) CARACTERISATION BOTANIQUE ET CHIMIQUE ET EVALUATION PHARMACO-TOXICOLOGIQUE D’UNE PREPARATION TOPIQUE A BASE D’HUILE DE Pistacia lentiscus L. (ANACARDIACEAE), In FACULTÉ DES SCIENCES DE LA NATURE ET DE LA VIE DÉPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE ET ÉCOLOGIE, p 79, UNIVERSITE MENTOURI, CONSTANTINE, Algerie. |
| [46] | Mwipatayi, B. P., Angel, D., Norrish, J., Hamil-ton, M. J., Scott A &Sieunarine, K.,. (2004) The use of honey in chronic leg ulcers: a literature review., Primary Intention 12, 107-112. |
| [47] | Berenguer, M. J., Vossen, P. M., Grattan, S. R., Connell, J. H., and Polito, V. S. (2006) Tree irrigation levels for optimum chemical and sensory properties of olive oil, HortScience 41, 427-432. |
| [48] | Barra, A., Coroneo, V., Dessi, S., Cabras, P., and Angioni, A. (2007) Characterization of the volatile constituents in the essential oil of Pistacia lentiscus L. from different origins and its antifungal and antioxidant activity, J Agric Food Chem 55, 7093-7098. |
| [49] | Barazani, O., Dudai, N., and Golan-Goldhirsh, A. (2003) Comparison of Mediterranean Pistacia lentiscus genotypes by random amplified polymorphic DNA, chemical, and morphological analyses, J Chem Ecol 29, 1939-1952. |
| [50] | A. Ismail, H. L., H. Mohsen, G. Samia and J. Bassem.,. (2013) Chemical Composition and Antifungal Activity of Three Anacardiaceae Species Grown in Tunisia, Science International 1. |
| [51] | Sikkema, J., de Bont, J. A., and Poolman, B. (1995) Mechanisms of membrane toxicity of hydrocarbons, Microbiol Rev 59, 201-222. |
| [52] | Matasyoh, J. C., Kiplimo, J. J., Karubiu, N. M., and Hailstorks, T. P. (2007) Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil of Tarchonanthus camphoratus, Food Chemistry 101, 1183-1187. |
| [53] | Wagner, H., Wierer, M., and Bauer, R. (1986) In vitro inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis by essential oils and phenolic compounds, Planta medica, 184-187. |
| [54] | Liu, X., Sun, Z., Zhang, M., Meng, X., Xia, X., Yuan, W., Xue, F., and Liu, C. (2012) Antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic activities of polysaccharides from sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus, Carbohydrate Polymers 90, 1664-1670. |
| [55] | Kim, J.-Y., Oh, T.-H., Kim, B. J., Kim, S.-S., Lee, N. H., and Hyun, C.-G. (2008) Chemical composition and anti-inflammatory effects of essential oil from Farfugium japonicum flower, Journal of Oleo Science 57, 623-628. |
| [56] | Ben Khedir S, M. M., Bardaa S, Moalla D, Sahnoun Z, Rebai T.. (2016) In Vivo Evaluation of the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Pistacia lentiscus Fruit Oil and Its Effects on Oxidative Stress, Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. |
| [57] | Charef, M., Yousfi, M., Saidi, M., and Stocker, P. (2008) Determination of the Fatty Acid Composition of Acorn (Quercus), Pistacia lentiscus Seeds Growing in Algeria, Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 85, 921-924. |
| [58] | de Nardi, A. B., Rodaski, S., Sousa, R. S., Baudi, D. L. K., Castro, J. H. T.,. (2004) Secondary cicatrization in dermoepidermal wounds treated with essential fatty acids, vitamins A and E, soy lecithin and polynylpyrrolidone–iodine in dogs, Archives of Veterinary Science 9, 1-16. |
| [59] | Cardoso, C. R., Souza, M. A., Ferro, E. A., Favoreto, S., Jr., and Pena, J. D. (2004) Influence of topical administration of n-3 and n-6 essential and n-9 nonessential fatty acids on the healing of cutaneous wounds, Wound Repair Regen 12, 235-243. |
| [60] | Pereira, L. M., Hatanaka, E., Martins, E. F., Oliveira, F., Liberti, E. A., Farsky, S. H., Curi, R., and Pithon-Curi, T. C. (2008) Effect of oleic and linoleic acids on the inflammatory phase of wound healing in rats, Cell Biochem Funct 26, 197-204. |
| [61] | MCGAW, #160, J., L., #196, GER, K., A., STADEN, V., and J. (2002) Antibacterial effects of fatty acids and related compounds from plants, Vol. 68, Foundation for Education, Science and Technology, Pretoria, AFRIQUE DU SUD. |
| [62] | Loden, M., and Andersson, A. C. (1996) Effect of topically applied lipids on surfactant-irritated skin, Br J Dermatol 134, 215-220. |
| [63] | Kabara, J. J. (1979) Toxicological, bacteriocidal and fungicidal properties of fatty acids and some derivatives, Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society 56, 760A-767A. |
| [64] | MCGAW L. J., J. A. K., VAN STADEN J. (2002) Antibacterial effects of fatty acids and related compounds from plants South African journal of botany 86, 7. |
| [65] | Mingarro, I., Lukovic, D., Vilar, M., and Perez-Gil, J. (2008) Synthetic pulmonary surfactant preparations: new developments and future trends, Curr Med Chem 15, 393-403. |
| [66] | Braun, A., Stenger, P. C., Warriner, H. E., Zasadzinski, J. A., Lu, K. W., and Taeusch, H. W. (2007) A freeze-fracture transmission electron microscopy and small angle x-ray diffraction study of the effects of albumin, serum, and polymers on clinical lung surfactant microstructure, Biophys J 93, 123-139. |
| [67] | Rastogi, N., Moreau, B., Capmau, M. L., Goh, K. S., and David, H. L. (1988) Antibacterial action of amphipathic derivatives of isoniazid against the Mycobacterium avium complex, Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg A 268, 456-462. |
| [68] | Taylor, J. B., Vidal, A., Torpier, G., Meyer, D. J., Roitsch, C., Balloul, J. M., Southan, C., Sondermeyer, P., Pemble, S., Lecocq, J. P., and et al. (1988) The glutathione transferase activity and tissue distribution of a cloned Mr28K protective antigen of Schistosoma mansoni, Embo J 7, 465-472. |
| [69] | Phillipson J. D., C. Y., Corne S. J., Harper J. I.,. (1994) Eur. Phytotelegram, 33. |
| [70] | Martin Du Pan R., R. J., Koechli B.,. (1978) Rev. Fr. Allerg. Immu. Clin., 201. |
| [71] | Dweck, A. C. (2002) HERBAL MEDICINE FOR THE SKIN. THEIR CHEMISTRY AND EFFECTS ON SKIN AND MUCOUS MEMBRANES, In Personal Care Magazine, pp 19-21, Dweck Data, 8 Merrifield Road, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 6DF. |
| [72] | Corbière, C. (2003) Comparaison de l'effet anti-prolifératif de trois stéroïdes végétaux (diosgénine, hécogénine, tigogénine) sur la lignée 1547 d'ostéosarcome humain. Implication de la mitochondrie et de la cyclooxygénase-2 dans l'apoptose induite par la diosgénine sur les lignées 1547, HEp-2 (laryngocarcinome) et M4Beu (mélanome), Université de limoge, France. |
| [73] | Moreno, J. J. (2003) Effect of olive oil minor components on oxidative stress and arachidonic acid mobilization and metabolism by macrophages RAW 264.7, Free Radic Biol Med 35, 1073-1081. |
| [74] | Kun – Yong Park, G. T. (Dec 2003) Eur J Med Chem, pp 95-99. |
| [75] | Klippel, K. F., Hiltl, D. M., and Schipp, B. (1997) A multicentric, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial of beta-sitosterol (phytosterol) for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. German BPH-Phyto Study group, Br J Urol 80, 427-432. |
| [76] | Kadow, C., and Abrams, P. H. (1986) A double-blind trial of the effect of beta-sitosteryl glucoside (WA184) in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia, Eur Urol 12, 187-189. |
| [77] | Dolde, D., Vlahakis, C., and Hazebroek, J. (1999) Tocopherols in breeding lines and effects of planting location, fatty acid composition, and temperature during development, Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 76, 349-355. |
| [78] | Gunstone, F. D. (2003) Lipid chemistry--a personal view of some developments in the last 60 years, Biochim Biophys Acta 8, 207-217. |
| [79] | Velasco, J., and Dobarganes, C. (2002) Oxidative stability of virgin olive oil, European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 104, 661-676. |
| [80] | Sies, H., and Stahl, W. (1995) Vitamins E and C, beta-carotene, and other carotenoids as antioxidants, Am J Clin Nutr 62, 1315S-1321S. |
| [81] | Salvador, M. D., Aranda, F., Gómez-Alonso, S., and Fregapane, G. (2003) Influence of extraction system, production year and area on Cornicabra virgin olive oil: a study of five crop seasons, Food Chemistry 80, 359-366. |
| [82] | Tlili, N., Munne-Bosch, S., Nasri, N., Saadaoui, E., Khaldi, A., and Triki, S. (2009) FATTY ACIDS, TOCOPHEROLS AND CAROTENOIDS FROM SEEDS OF TUNISIAN CAPER “CAPPARIS SPINOSA”, Journal of Food Lipids 16, 452-464. |
| [83] | TW, G. (1980) The biochemistry of the carotenoids, (Britton, G., Ed.), Chapman and Hall, Cambridge University Press Amazon France. |
| [84] | Mashkovski A. D, M., 625 p. (1997) Lecarstvennaye Sredstv., p 625, Moscow. |
| [85] | Rahimv I. F., L. D. L., N. D. Khasanshina., (Ed.) (1983) Pharm. of Seabuckthorn, Biol. Chem. Pharm. of Seabuckthorn, Novosibirsk. |
| [86] | Villarreal, M. L., Nicasio, P., and Alonso-Cortes, D. (1991) Effects of Mimosa tenuiflora bark extracts on WI38 and KB human cells in culture, Arch Invest Med 22, 163-169. |
| [87] | Longo, L. (2007) Identification and quantification of anthocyanins in the berries of Pistacia lentiscus L., Phillyrea latifolia L. and Rubia peregrina L., Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies 8, 360-364. |
| [88] | Dabos, K. J., Sfika, E., Vlatta, L. J., Frantzi, D., Amygdalos, G. I., and Giannikopoulos, G. (2010) Is Chios mastic gum effective in the treatment of functional dyspepsia? A prospective randomised double-blind placebo controlled trial, Journal of ethnopharmacology 127, 205-209. |
| [89] | Heinrich, M., Kufer, J., Leonti, M., and Pardo-de-Santayana, M. (2006) Ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology--interdisciplinary links with the historical sciences, Journal of ethnopharmacology 107, 157-160. |
| [90] | Marone, P., Bono, L., Leone, E., Bona, S., Carretto, E., and Perversi, L. (2001) Bactericidal activity of Pistacia lentiscus mastic gum against Helicobacter pylori, J Chemother 13, 611-614. |
| [91] | Lozoya, X., Navarro, V., Arnason, J. T., and Kourany, E. (1989) Experimental evaluation of mimosa tenuiflora (willd.) poir. (Tepescohuite) I. Screening of the antimicrobial properties of bark extracts, Arch Invest Med 20, 87-93. |
| [92] | Wilson, R., (Ed.) (2004) Anatomy and physiology normal and pathological, editions Maloine, Paris, France. |
| [93] | Akkol, E. K., Koca, U., Pesin, I., Yilmazer, D., Toker, G., and Yesilada, E. (2009) Exploring the wound healing activity of Arnebia densiflora (Nordm.) Ledeb. by in vivo models, Journal of ethnopharmacology 124, 137-141. |
| [94] | Prasad, V., and Dorle, A. K. (2006) Evaluation of ghee based formulation for wound healing activity, Journal of ethnopharmacology 107, 38-47. |
| [95] | Lawrence, W. T. (1998) Physiology of the acute wound, Clin Plast Surg 25, 321-340. |
| [96] | Khalil, E. A., Afifi, F. U., and Al-Hussaini, M. (2007) Evaluation of the wound healing effect of some Jordanian traditional medicinal plants formulated in Pluronic F127 using mice (Mus musculus), Journal of ethnopharmacology 109, 104-112. |
