Indexing
All Issues
Submission
Author Guidelines
Reviewers
Editorial Members
Publication Fee
Vol.1 , No. 2, Publication Date: Jul. 7, 2014, Page: 42-47
. Conclusions: HIV coinfection with viral hepatitis is a significant emerging problem whose impact in childhood is yet to be fully characterized. Routine screening of all HIV infected children for HBV and HCV and appropriate adjustment of Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART) of patients with coinfection according to the National guideline is recommended.&picture=http://www.aascit.org/aascit/decorators/img/journal/906.jpg)
| [1] | Durowaye MO , Department of Paediatrics, Federal Medical Centre Lokoja, Nigeria. |
| [2] | Ernest SK , Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria. |
| [3] | Ojuawo IA , Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria. |
Background: The understanding of the shared routes of infection by Human immunodeficiency virus and blood borne hepatotropic viruses such as Hepatitis B and C viruses has raised concern about the possibility and impact of coinfection with the viruses. Studies especially among adults and few paediatric studies have shown that coinfection is indeed common and that coinfection adversely affects the outcome of the diseases. The burden of HIV coinfection in African children and particularly Nigeria is not well known. This study assessed the prevalence of hepatitis B and C in newly diagnosed HIV infected children managed at a tertiary Hospital. Methodology: The study was a descriptive cross-sectional determination of hepatitis B surface antigenaemia and antibody to hepatitis C of newly diagnosed HIV infected children aged 2months to 13 years who were managed at the Paediatric Antiretroviral Clinic or admitted to the hospital after obtaining informed consent. Result: A total of 60 subjects, of whom 31 were males were recruited into the study with a mean age of 5.6±3.0 years. The prevalence of HBsAg and anti-HCV were 10% and 1.7% respectively, making the prevalence of coinfection to be 11.7%. No patient had coinfection with the three viruses. HIV coinfected children were significantly older than their monoinfected counterparts. There was no significant gender difference among the coinfected children (p=0.011). Conclusions: HIV coinfection with viral hepatitis is a significant emerging problem whose impact in childhood is yet to be fully characterized. Routine screening of all HIV infected children for HBV and HCV and appropriate adjustment of Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART) of patients with coinfection according to the National guideline is recommended.
Keywords
HIV Co-Infections, Hepatitis B Virus, Hepatitis C Virus, Children
Reference
| [01] | Unexplained immunodeficiency and opportunistic infections in infants--New York, New Jersey, California. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1982;31:665-7. |
| [02] | WHO. Global HIV/AIDS response epidemic update and health sector progress towards Universal Access. Geneva, Switzerland 2011. |
| [03] | Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). 2013 progress on the global plan towards the elimination of new HIV infections among children by 2015 and keeping their mothers alive. Geneva, Switzerland 2013. Report No.: UNAIDS / JC2509/1/E. |
| [04] | Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). UNAIDS World AIDS day report 2011 [cited 2011 15th December]; Available from: http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/publications. |
| [05] | Cooley L, Sasadeusz J. Clinical and virological aspects of hepatitis B co-infection in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus type-1. J Clin Virol 2003;26:185-93. |
| [06] | Main J, McCarron B. Hepatitis in HIV-infected persons. In: Thomas H, Lemon S, Zuckerman A, editors. Viral Hepatitis. 3 ed. Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2005. p. 769-79 |
| [07] | Zhou S, Zhao Y, He Y, Li H, Bulterys M, Sun X. Hepatitis B and hepatitis C seroprevalence in children receiving antiretroviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection in China, 2005–2009. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2010;54:191-6. |
| [08] | Adewole OO, Anteyi E, Ajuwon Z, Wada I, Elegba F, Ahmed P, et al. Hepatitis B and C virus co-infection in Nigerian patients with HIV infection. J Infect Dev Ctries 2009;3:369-75. |
| [09] | Koziel M, Peters M. Viral hepatitis in HIV infection. N Engl J Med 2007;356:1445-54. |
| [10] | Idoko J, Meloni S, Muazu M, Hawkins C, Bidang B, Gwamzi N, et al. Hepatitis B virus co-infection impacts baseline HIV parameters and HAART-related hepatotoxicity risk in an HIV-infected Nigerian cohort. 14th Conference on retroviruses and opportunistic infections; February 25th-28th; Los Angeles 2007. |
| [11] | Rockstroh J. Influence of viral hepatitis on HIV infection. J Hepatol 2006; 44:25-7. |
| [12] | Christian B, Okuma J, Hawkins H. Prevalence of hepatitis B and C co-infection and response to antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected patients in an urban setting in Tanzania. 17th Conference on Retroviruses & Opportunistic Infections (CROI 2010); February 16th-19th; San Francisco 2010. |
| [13] | Schnuriger A, Dominguezd S, Guiguete M, Harfoucha S, Samria A, Ouazeneh Z, et al. Acute hepatitis C in HIV-infected patients: rare spontaneous clearance correlates with weak memory CD4 T-cell responses to hepatitis C virus. AIDS 2009;23:2079-89. |
| [14] | Yogev R, Chadwick E. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). In: Kliegman R, Behrman R, Jenson H, Stanton B, editors. Nelson textbook of pediatrics. 18 ed. Philadelphia2007. p. 1427-42. |
| [15] | Mandala J, Torpey K, Kasonde P, Kabaso M, Dirks R, Suzuki C, et al. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Zambia: implementing efficacious ARV regimens in primary health centers. BMC Public Health 2009; 9: 314. |
| [16] | Yazigi N, Balistreri W. Viral hepatitis. In: Kliegman R, Behrman R, Jenson H, Stanton B, editors. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 18th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier; 2007. p. 1680-90. |
| [17] | Rawizza H, Ochigbo S, Chang C, MeloniI M, Oguche S, OsinusiI K, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis coinfection among HIV-infected Nigerian children in the Harvard PEPFAR ART program Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; February 16th-19th; San Francisco CA 2010. |
| [18] | Rouet F, Chaix M, Inwoley A, Anaky M, Fassinou P, Kpozehouen A, et al. Frequent occurrence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection among West African HIV type-1–infected children. Clin Infect Dis 2008;46:361-6. |
| [19] | Sadoh A, Sadoh W, Iduoriyekemwen N. HIV co-infection with hepatitis B and C viruses among Nigerian children in an antiretroviral treatment programme. SAJCH 2011;5:7-10. |
| [20] | Goedert J, Brown D, Hoots K, Sherman K. Human immunodeficiency and hepatitis virus infections and their associated conditions and treatments among people with haemophilia. Haemophilia 2004;10:205-10. |
| [21] | Solomon L, Flynn C, Muck K, Vertefeuille J. Prevalence of HIV, syphilis, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C among entrants to Maryland correctional facilities. J Urban Health 2004;81:25-37. |
| [22] | Thio C. Hepatitis B in the human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient: epidemiology, natural history, and treatment. Semin Liver Dis 2003;23:125-36. |
| [23] | Uneke C, Inyama P, Anyanwu G, Njoku M, Idoko J. Prevalence of hepatitis-B surface antigen among blood donors and human immunodeficiency virus- infected patients in Jos, Nigeria. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2005;100:13-6. |
| [24] | Otegbayo J, Adewole I, Taiwo B, Akingbola T, Odaibo G, Adedapo K, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis B and C seropositivity in a Nigerian cohort of HIV-infected patients Ann Hepatol 2008;7:152-6. |
| [25] | Olatunji P, Iseniyi J. Hepatitis B and C viruses co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients at UITH, Ilorin. Niger Med Pract 2008;54:8-10. |
| [26] | Telatela SP, Matee MI, Munubhi EK. Seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C viral co-infections among children infected with human immunodeficiency virus attending the paediatric HIV care and treatment center at Muhimbili National Hospital in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania. BMC Public Health 2007;7:338. |
| [27] | Highleyman L. HIV/HBV and HIV/HCV coinfected patients in Africa have slower CD4 recovery on antiretroviral therapy, but not increased mortality. 17th Conference on Retroviruses & Opportunistic Infections (CROI 2010); February 16-19, 2010; San Francisco 2010. |
| [28] | Oyedeji GA. The present day epidemiology of severe protein-energy malnutrition in Nigeria. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1984;23:623-8. |
| [29] | Blumberg B. The Discovery of Australian Antigen and its relation to viral hepatitis. Vitro 1971;7:223. |
| [30] | Kuo G, Choo Q, Alter H, Houghton M. An assay for circulating antibodies to a major etiologic Virus of humen non-A, non-B hepatitis. Science 1989;244:362. |
| [31] | Wilber J. Development and use of laboratory tests for hepatitis C infection: a review. J Clin Immunoassay 1993;16:204. |
| [32] | Bukbuk D, Bassi A, Mangoro Z. Sero-prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen among primary school pupils in rural Hawal valley, Borno State, Nigeria. J Community Med Prim Health Care 2005;17:20-3. |
| [33] | Abiodun P, Okolo S. HBS-antigenaemia in in- and outpatient children at University of Benin Teaching Hospital. Niger J Paediatr 1991;3:107-13. |
| [34] | Davis LG, Weber DJ, Lemon SM. Horizontal transmission of hepatitis B virus. Lancet 1989;1:889-93. |
