Indexing
All Issues
Submission
Author Guidelines
Reviewers
Editorial Members
Publication Fee
Vol.4 , No. 1, Publication Date: Jun. 13, 2017, Page: 1-10
 selected Infant formula from the Libyan market were analyzed by Atomic Emission Spectrophotometry (MP-AES) to assess the level of some heavy metals (Na, K, Ca, Fe, Cu, Mg, Cr, Cd, Pb, Ni and As) in them. The concentrations of heavy metals in the samples ranged from 150.98 to 670.91 µg.g<sup>-1</sup>, 90.41 to 360.85 µg. g<sup>-1</sup>, 150.98 to 420.08 µg. g<sup>-1</sup>, 1.47-4.67µg.g<sup>-1</sup>, 1.5–2.5 μg.g<sup>-1</sup>, 10.34 to 20.14 µg. g<sup>-1</sup>, 0.01-0.08 μg.g<sup>-1</sup>, 0.013 to 0.032 μg.g<sup>-1</sup>, 0.013 to 0.022 μg.g<sup>-1</sup>, 0. 25 to 0.73 μg.g<sup>-1</sup>, 0.012 -0.025 μg.g<sup>-1</sup>, for Na, K, Ca, Fe, Cu, Mg, Cr, Cd, Pb, Ni and As respectively. The result of elemental analysis indicates that the order of abundance of metals in the infant food as follow Na > Ca>K>Mg>Fe>Cu>Ni>Cr>Cd>As>Pb. levels of the metals in the samples were less than acceptable limits in foods as specified in international guidelines.&picture=http://www.aascit.org/aascit/decorators/img/journal/905.jpg)
| [1] | Mohamed Elbagermi, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Misurata, Misurata, Libya. |
| [2] | Adel Alajtal, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Misurata, Misurata, Libya. |
| [3] | Howell Edwards, Raman Spectroscopy Group, University Analytical Centre, Division of Chemical and Forensic Sciences, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK. |
| [4] | Nadia Alsedawi, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Misurata, Misurata, Libya. |
Nine (9) selected Infant formula from the Libyan market were analyzed by Atomic Emission Spectrophotometry (MP-AES) to assess the level of some heavy metals (Na, K, Ca, Fe, Cu, Mg, Cr, Cd, Pb, Ni and As) in them. The concentrations of heavy metals in the samples ranged from 150.98 to 670.91 µg.g-1, 90.41 to 360.85 µg. g-1, 150.98 to 420.08 µg. g-1, 1.47-4.67µg.g-1, 1.5–2.5 μg.g-1, 10.34 to 20.14 µg. g-1, 0.01-0.08 μg.g-1, 0.013 to 0.032 μg.g-1, 0.013 to 0.022 μg.g-1, 0. 25 to 0.73 μg.g-1, 0.012 -0.025 μg.g-1, for Na, K, Ca, Fe, Cu, Mg, Cr, Cd, Pb, Ni and As respectively. The result of elemental analysis indicates that the order of abundance of metals in the infant food as follow Na > Ca>K>Mg>Fe>Cu>Ni>Cr>Cd>As>Pb. levels of the metals in the samples were less than acceptable limits in foods as specified in international guidelines.
Keywords
Baby Food, Misurata- Libya, Microwave Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometer, Metals Analysis
Reference
| [01] | Juranović I, Zeiner M, Kröppl M, Stringeder G. (2011). Comparison of sample preparation methods for the ICP-AES determination of minor and major elements in clarified apple juices. Microchem J. 99, 364-369. |
| [02] | H. Čížková, R. Ševč ík, A. Rajch l and M. Voldřich. (2009) Nutritional Quality of Commercial Fruit Baby Food. Czech J. Food Sci. Vol. 27, 134-137. |
| [03] | Underwood, E. J. (1977). Trace elements in Human and Animal Nutrition, 4th Edition, Academic Press, New York, USA. pp 1-369, 442-443, 459-471. |
| [04] | Garrison, R. G. and Somer, E. (1995). The Nutrition Desk Reference, 3rd Edition, Kents Publising Inc., New Cannan, Connecticut, USA, pp 182-229. |
| [05] | Schroeder, H. A. (1976). The Trace Elements in Nutrition, Faber and Faber, London, pp. 36-46, 75, 109. |
| [06] | WHO (1996). Trace elements in Human and Health, World Health organization, Geneva, pp 49-167. |
| [07] | Underwood, E. J. (1971). Trace elements in Human Nutrition, 3rd Edn, Academic Press, New York. |
| [08] | Bowen, H. J. M. (1979). Environmental Chemistry of Elements, Academic Press, New York. |
| [09] | WHO (1973). Trace Elements in Human Nutrition, world Health Organization, Geneva, Technical Report Series No. 532. |
| [10] | Report of a Working Party of the Panel on Child Nutrition, Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy. (1980). Department of Health and Social Security, Report on Health and Social Subjects No. 20. |
| [11] | H. L. Needleman, A. Schell, D. Bellinger, A. Levinton, and E. N. Allred, The Long-Term Effects of Exposure to Low Doses of Lead in Childhood — An 11-Year Follow-up Report, (1990). N. England J. Med., 322, 83-88. |
| [12] | Metals in foodstuffs, http://ec.europa.eu/food/food/chemicalsafety/contaminants/cadmium_en.htm. 10-05-2014 |
| [13] | World Health Organization (2001). "Infant and Young Child Nutrition: Global strategy for infant and young child feeding. |
| [14] | Monte, C. M. and Gulgilani, E. R. (2004). J. Pediatr. 38: S131-S141. |
| [15] | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2006). When should a mother avoid breastfeeding?" |
| [16] | American Public Health Association. (1998). Standard method for the examination of water and waste water (20th.ed). New York: Am. Water Environ. Federation. |
| [17] | Miller JN, Miller JC.( 2005) Statistics and Chemometrics for Analytical Chemistry. Pearson Education Ltt., England. |
| [18] | J. J. Powell, T. J. Burden, and R. P. H. Thompson, (1998). “In vitro mineral availability from digested tea: A rich dietary source of manganese”. Analyst, 123,1721-1724. |
| [19] | A. S. Alkhalifa, Dilshad Ahmad. (2010). African Journal of Food Science Vol. 4(7), 464-468. |
| [20] | Bruynzeel, D. P., and Hennipmane (1988). Contact Dermatitis, 19(3): 175-9. |
| [21] | Kobla H, Volpe SL (2000). Chromium, Exercise, and body composition. Critical Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 40, 291-308. |
| [22] | Moore, M. R. (1985). Environ Health Perspect, 63,121-6. |
| [23] | Benoff, S., Jacob, A. and Hurley, I. R. (2000). Hum Reprod Update. 6,107-21. |
| [24] | American Public Health Association. (1998). Standard method for the examination of water and waste water (20th. ed). New York: Am. Water Environ. Federation. |
| [25] | Kiely G (1997). Environmental Engineering, maidenhead, U. K: Mc grew Hill publishing Company. |
| [26] | International Programmed on Food safety (1992). Environmental health Criteria 135. In: Cadmium Environmental aspects, Geneva World health Organization. |
| [27] | Anna Bona. (2016). Commercial and homemade baby foods with regard to heavy metals content. Conference: Environment & Technology in Business, At Poznań Poland. |
| [28] | Dabeka RW. (1989). Survey of lead, cadmium, cobalt and nickel in infant formulas and evaporated milks and estimation of dietary intake of the elements by infants 0– 12 months old. Sci Total Environ. 89(3),279–289. |
| [29] | Saracoglu S, Saygi KO, Uluozlu OD, Tuzen M, Soylak M. (2006). Determination of trace element contents of baby foods from Turkey. Food Chem. 105(1),280–285. |
| [30] | Birghila S, Dobrinas S, Stanciu G, Soceanu A. (2008). Determination of major and minor elements in milk through ICP-AES. Environ Eng Manag J. 7(6),805–808. |
| [31] | Milacic R, Kralj B. (2003). Determination of Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb, Ni and Cr in some Slovenian foodstuffs. Eur Food Res Tech. 217,211–214. |
| [32] | Vitosevic B, Samardzic S, Antonijevic V, Jokovljevic V. (2007). Heavy metals in some imported food products and their potential toxic implication. Medicus. 8(2), 62–66. |
| [33] | Tripathi RM, Raghunath R, Sastry VN, Krishnamoothy TM. (1999). Daily intake of heavy metals by infants through milk and milk products. Sci Total Environ. 227(2–3), 229–235. |
| [34] | National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme (NICNAS) (2003). Copper. Existing Chemicals Information Sheet, pp 4-5. |
| [35] | Gian CC, Zaheer D, Christian DF, Angela MB,Gonzales EM, Navidad HM, Ma;Schlaaff FM, Winter J;Analysis Of Toxic Heavy Metals (Arsenic, Lead, And Mercury) In Selected Infant Formula Milk Commercially Available In The Philippines By Aas E-International. |
| [36] | Al Khalifa AS and Ahmad D. (2010). Determination of key elements by ICP-OES in commercially available infant formulae and baby foods in Saudi Arabia. African Journal of Food Science, 4(7), 464 – 468. |
| [37] | Maduabuchi J-M. U, Adigba EO, Nzegwu CN, Oragwu CI, Okonkwo IP, Orisakwe OE.(2007). Arsenic and Chromium in Canned and Non- Canned Beverages in Nigeria:A PotentialPublic Health Concern Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 4(1), 28-33. |
| [38] | Broadus, A. E. (1993). Physiological function of Calcium, Magnesium and phosphorus and Miniral Ion Balance. In: Favus M. J., ed. Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Raven Press; 41-46. |
| [39] | National Institute of health Consensus Conference. (1994). JAMA; 272:1942-1948. |
| [40] | Institute of medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. (1997). Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. |
| [41] | Dagnelie, P. C., Vergote, F., van Staveren, W. A., van den Berg H., Dingjag, P. G. and Hautvast, J. G. (1990). Am. J. Clin. Nutri.; 51, 202-208. |
| [42] | Lawrence, R. A. (1985). Breastfeeding a Guide for the Medical Profession, 2ed., The C. V. Mosby Company, St. Lious. |
| [43] | Legius, E., Proesmans, W., Eggermont, E., Vandamme-Lombaerts, R., Bouillon, R., and Smet, M. (1989). Eur. J. Pediatr.; 148:784-785. |
