AASCIT - Journal - All Issues

ISSN: 2375-3811

International Journal of Biological Sciences and Applications

The Journal

Manuscript Information

Phytochemical Screening and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Eremomastax polysperma (Benth.) Dandy

International Journal of Biological Sciences and Applications
Vol.5 , No. 1, Publication Date: Feb. 1, 2018, Page: 13-18

1103 Views Since February 1, 2018, 1046 Downloads Since Feb. 1, 2018

Paper in PDF (499K)

Follow on

Authors

[1]	Ilesanmi Olajumoke, Department of Botany and Ecological studies, Faculty of Science, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria.
[2]	Esenowo Godwin J., Department of Botany and Ecological studies, Faculty of Science, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria.
[3]	Okon Okon Godwin, Department of Botany and Ecological studies, Faculty of Science, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria.

Abstract

In this study, the phytochemical screening and anti-inflammatory activity of Eremomastax polysperma was investigated using the carrageenan. Carrageenan-induced rat paw edema is a widely used test to determine anti-inflammatory activity and constitutes a simple and routine animal model for evaluation of pain at the site of inflammation without any injury or damage to the inflamed paw. Qualitative phytochemical screening, Acute toxicity test (LD₅₀) and inflammatory analysis were carried out. Results revealed Eremomastax polysperma contained alkaloids, tannins, saponins, terpenes, flavonoids, anthraquinones and cardiac glycosides. The ethanolic leaf extracts produced various degree of toxicity ranging from writhing, decreased respiration to mortality. The intensities of these effects were proportional to the dose administered. The intraperitoneal LD₅₀ of E. polysperma was 4242.64 mg/kg. Toxicity analysis revealed that the leaves Eremomastax polysperma are non toxic at a particular dose. Administration of different percentages of ethanolic leaf extracts showed marked inhibition at different measured interval and extract of Eremomastax polysperma (1272.79 mg/kg) prevented the formation of edema induced by carrageenan, thus showing significant anti-inflammatory activity (p<0.05) and also inhibited the edema by 19.91% after 5h injection of noxious agent as compared to the control group. Also, ethanolic leaf extracts of leaves Eremomastax polysperma inhibited inflammation of hind paw edema of albino rats induced by carrageenan. The synergistic effect of saponin and flavonoid present in the plantwhich has been investigated to possess anti-inflammatory activity is suggested to have caused rapid inhibition of the edema of the hind paw induced by carrageenan. Therefore, the efficacy and efficiency of leaves of Eremomastax polysperma is recommended therapeutically, locally, traditionally and pharmaceutically for inhibition and treatment of inflammation.

Keywords

Acute Toxicity Test, Albino Rats, Carrageenan, Eremomastax polysperma, Paw Edema and Phytochemicals

Reference

[01]	World Health Organisation (WHO) (2011). Geneva Legal Status of Traditional Medicine and Complementary Alternative Medicine: A Worldwide Review. Geneva: World Health Organisation, pp. 129-143.
[02]	Harborne, J. B. (1983). Phytochemical Methods: A Guide to Modern Technique of Plant Analysis. 3^rd ed., Hong kong, London: Chapman and Hall, p. 279.
[03]	Sofowora, A. (2008). Medicinal plants and traditional medicine in Africa. (2^nd ed.) Ibadan, Nigeria: Spectrum Books Ltd, pp. 181-204.
[04]	Tyler, V. E. (1999). Phytomedicine: Back to the future. Journal of Natural Product, 62, 1589-1592.
[05]	Ferrero-Miliani, L., Nielsen, O. H., Andersen, P. S. and Girardin, S. E. (2007). Chronic Inflammation: Importance of NOD2 and NALP3 in Interleukin-1beta Generation. Clinical Experimental Immunology, 147 (2): 6-8.
[06]	Hurley, J. V. (1972). Acute Inflammation. Edinburgh, London: Churchill Livingstone, pp. 45-60.
[07]	Ye, J. and Keller, J. N. (2010). Regulation of Energy Metabolism by Inflammation: a Feedback Response in Obesity and Calorie Restriction. Aging (Albany NY), 2, 361-368.
[08]	Hutchinson, J. and Dalziel, J. M. (1968). Flora of West Tropical Africa, 2nd ed., Crown Agents for Oversea Government and Administration, Millbank: London SW, 2, 237-239.
[09]	Latilo, O. O. and Daramola, B. D. (1964). Compilation of Eremomastax polysperma in Global Plant. Journal Storage, 5, 13-14.
[10]	Mboso, O. E., Odey, M. O., Uboh, F. E., Essien, N. M., Chidinma, O. and Eyong, E. U. (2014). Erythropoietic Effects of Eremomastax polysperma Leaf Extracts on Female Prepubertal and Pubertal Wistar Rats. British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 4 (15): 1833-1839.
[11]	Iba, I. U., Akpanabiatu, M. I., Akpanyung, E. O., Ebe, N. U. Ekanemesang, U. M. and Etuk, E. U. (2014). Comparative studies on nutrient and antinutrient composition of Eremomastax polysperma (Benth.) Dandy varieties in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Basic Research Journal of Food Science and Technology 1 (5): 46-50.
[12]	Trease, G. E. and Evans, W. O. (2009). Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy, 16^th ed., New York: Sauders Elsevier Limited, pp. 104-262.
[13]	Adeneye, A. A., Ajagbona, O. P, Adeleke, T. I. and Bello, S. O. (2006). Preliminary Toxicity andPhytochemical Studies of the Stem Bark Aqueous Extract of Musanga cecropiodes in Rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 105, 374-379.
[14]	Amresh, G., Paras, N. S. and Chandana, V. A. (2008). Toxicological Screening of Traditional Medicine of Laghupatha (Cissampelos parara) in Experimental Animals. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 116, 454-460.
[15]	Lorke, D. (1983). A New Approach to Practical Acute Toxicity. Archives Toxicity, 54, 278-287.
[16]	Winter, C. A., Risley, E. A. and Nuss, W. (1962). Carrageenan-Induced Edema in Hind Paw ofRats as an Assay for Anti-inflammatory Drugs. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 111, 544-547.
[17]	Ogwumike, O. O. (2002). Haemopoietic Effect of Aqueous Extract of Leaf Sheath of Sorghumbicolor in Albino Rats. African Journal of Biomedical Research, 5, 69-71.
[18]	Levander, O. A. (1990). Fruit and Vegetable Contribution to Dietary Mineral Intake in Human Health and Diseases. Hortscience, 25, 1486-1488.
[19]	Booth, S., Bressani, R. and Johns, T. (1992). Nutrient Content of Selected Indigenous Leafy Vegetable Consumed by Kekchi People of Alta Verapaz, Guatamela. Journal of Food Composition Analysis, 5, 25-34.
[20]	Abulude, F. O., Ogunkoya, M. and Akinjagunla, Y. S. (2010). Phytochemical Screening ofLeaves and Stem of Cashew Tree (Anacardium occidentate). Electronic Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 9 (4): 815-819.
[21]	Hashemi, S. R., Zulkifli, M. H., Bejo, A. F. and Somchit, M. N. (2008). Acute Toxicity Study and Phytochemical Screening of Selected Herbal Aqueous Extract in Broiler Chickens. International Journal of Pharmacology, 4, 352-360.
[22]	Henriques, M. G., Silva, P. M., Martins, M. A., Flores, C. A., Cunha, F. Q., Assreuy-Filho, J., and Cordeiro, R. B. (1987). Mouse Paw Oedema, a New Model for Inflammation. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biology Research 20, 243–249.
[23]	Jain, S. C., Jain, R., Mascolo, N., Capasso, F., Vijayvergia, R. and Sharma, R. A. (1998). Ethnopharmacological Evaluation of Pergulariadaemia (Forsk.) Chiov. Phytotherapy Research, 12 (5): 378-380.
[24]	Attur, M. G., Dave, M., Akamatsu, M., Katoh, M. and Amin, A. R. (2002). Osteoarthritis or Osteoarthrosis: The Definition of Inflammation Becomes a Semantic Issue in the Genomic Era of Molecular Medicine. Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 10, 1-4.
[25]	Gupta, M., Mazumder, U. K., Gomathi, P. and Thamilselvan, V. (2006). Anti-inflammatory Evaluation of Leaves of Plumeria acuminate. BMC Complementary and alternative medicine, 6 (36): 1472-1482.
[26]	Germonprez, N., Puyvelde, L. V., Maes, L., Tri, M. V. and De Kimpe, N. (2004). New Pentacyclic Triterpene Saponins with Strong Anti-leishmanial Activity from the Leaves of Maesa balansae. Tetrahedron, 60, 219-228.
[27]	Galeotti, F., Barile, E., Curir, P., Dolci, M. and Lanzotti, M. (2008). Flavonoids from Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) and Their Anti fungi Activity. Phytochemistry, 1, 44-49.