Indexing
All Issues
Submission
Author Guidelines
Reviewers
Editorial Members
Publication Fee
Vol.2 , No. 6, Publication Date: Dec. 1, 2015, Page: 76-85
 bulbs cultivated along the river basin around Dakace industrial area using Shimadzu atomic absorption spectrophotometer (model AA-6800, Japan) after wet digestion. The overall mean concentrations of the metals were: 1.11±0.8 mg/kg for Lead, 1.51±0.9 mg/kg for chromium, 3.28±1.76 mg/kg for nickel and 1.68±2.72 mg/kg for manganese. Lead and chromium concentrations were found to be above WHO/FAO permissible levels. Average values of Estimated Daily Intakes (EDI) were higher compared to Recommended Daily Intakes (RDI) and Upper Tolerable Daily Intakes (UL) for the metals. Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) computed to estimate the risk to human health pose by each metal were within the safe limit of unity, lead (Pb) being the only exception. Hazard Index (HI) used to evaluate the potential risk to human health due to the combined effect of the four heavy metals was 2.83. The relative contributions of Pd, Cr, Ni, and Mn to the aggregated risk were 64.18%, 0.21%, 33.33% and 2.41% respectively. Consumption of onion bulbs from the study area thus poses a serious toxicological risk. The study concludes that uptake and subsequent accumulation of these metals in onions bulbs which is a measure of the degree of bioavailability of the toxic metals in the growth media indicates that River Galma basin is polluted.&picture=http://www.aascit.org/aascit/decorators/img/journal/903.jpg)
| [1] | Udiba U. U., Environmental Technology Division, National Research Institute for Chemical Technology, (NARICT), Zaria, Nigeria. |
| [2] | Anyanwu Stella, Environmental Technology Division, National Research Institute for Chemical Technology, (NARICT), Zaria, Nigeria. |
| [3] | Gauje Balli, Environmental Technology Division, National Research Institute for Chemical Technology, (NARICT), Zaria, Nigeria. |
| [4] | Dawaki S. I., Environmental Technology Division, National Research Institute for Chemical Technology, (NARICT), Zaria, Nigeria. |
| [5] | Oddy-Obi I. C., Environmental Technology Division, National Research Institute for Chemical Technology, (NARICT), Zaria, Nigeria. |
| [6] | Agboun T. D. T., Environmental Technology Division, National Research Institute for Chemical Technology, (NARICT), Zaria, Nigeria. |
River Galma is the main drainage channel in Zaria, Nigeria. Effluents from Dakace industrial layout are discharged through drains and canal that empties into the river and the basin is a booming agricultural area. Concentrations of lead, chromium, nickel and manganese were investigated in onion (Allium cepa L.) bulbs cultivated along the river basin around Dakace industrial area using Shimadzu atomic absorption spectrophotometer (model AA-6800, Japan) after wet digestion. The overall mean concentrations of the metals were: 1.11±0.8 mg/kg for Lead, 1.51±0.9 mg/kg for chromium, 3.28±1.76 mg/kg for nickel and 1.68±2.72 mg/kg for manganese. Lead and chromium concentrations were found to be above WHO/FAO permissible levels. Average values of Estimated Daily Intakes (EDI) were higher compared to Recommended Daily Intakes (RDI) and Upper Tolerable Daily Intakes (UL) for the metals. Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) computed to estimate the risk to human health pose by each metal were within the safe limit of unity, lead (Pb) being the only exception. Hazard Index (HI) used to evaluate the potential risk to human health due to the combined effect of the four heavy metals was 2.83. The relative contributions of Pd, Cr, Ni, and Mn to the aggregated risk were 64.18%, 0.21%, 33.33% and 2.41% respectively. Consumption of onion bulbs from the study area thus poses a serious toxicological risk. The study concludes that uptake and subsequent accumulation of these metals in onions bulbs which is a measure of the degree of bioavailability of the toxic metals in the growth media indicates that River Galma basin is polluted.
Keywords
River Galma, Effluent, Onion Bulbs, Metals, Toxicological Risk
Reference
| [01] | Abdullahi, M.A.; Azairu, A. and Okunota, O.J. (2009). Quantitative determination of heavy metal concentration in onion leaves. International Journal Environ. Res. 3:271-274. |
| [02] | Abida, B., Ramaiah, M., Harikrishna, Khan I. and Veena, K. (2009).Analysis of Heavy Metals concentration in Soil and Lichens from various Localities of Hosur Road, Bangalore, India Journal of Chemistry6 (1) 13 – 22. |
| [03] | Addo M. A., Darko, E.O., Gordon, C., Nyarko B. J. B. (2013), e-Journal of Science & Technology, 3(8), 71-83. |
| [04] | Arai S (2002). Global view on functional foods: Asian perspectives. Brit. J. Nutr. 88: pp.139-143. |
| [05] | Awofolu, O.R. (2005). A Survey of trace metals in vegetation, soil and lower animals along some selected major roads in Metropolitan City of Lagos. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 105,431-447. |
| [06] | Bello, A.L. (1973). The Morphology of an Erosional Scarp, South of Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. Unpublished B.A Dissertation, Department of Geography, ABU, Zaria. |
| [07] | Block E, Naganathan S, Putman D, Zhao SH (1992). Allium chemistry: HPLC analysis of thiosulfinates from onion, garlic, wild garlic (ramsoms), leek, scallion, shallot, elephant (great-headed) garlic, chive, and chinese chive. Uniquely high allyl to methyl ratios in some garlic samples. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 40: pp. 2418- 2430. |
| [08] | Chary, N.S.; Kamala, C.T.; Raj, D.S.S. 2008. Assessing risk of heavy metals from consuming food grown on sewage irrigated soils and food chain transfer. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 69: 513-24. |
| [09] | Deepak, S., and Shukia, A.K. (2013). Analysis of Heavy Metal in Soil and Vegetables with Waste Water in Meerut City Region. International Journal of Advanced, life Sciences. |
| [10] | Ekiye E, Luo Z (2010). “Water quality monitoring in Nigeria; Case Study of Nigeria’s Industrial Cities”, Journal of American Science, 6(4): pp. 22-28. |
| [11] | Ghimire SK (1994). Evaluation of industrial effluents toxicity in seed germination and seedling growth of some vegetables, M.Sc. Dissertation, Central Department of Botany Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal. |
| [12] | Querra F, Trevizam A, R., Muraoka3 T., Marcante N. C. Canniatti-Brazaca, S. G (2012), Heavy metals in vegetables and potential risk for human health. Sci. Agric. 69 (1), 54-60. |
| [13] | Iguisi, E.O. (1996). “Variation of Soil loss in two Sub-basin near Zaria, Nigeria.: Unpublished Ph.D Thesis, Department of Geography, ABU, Zaria. |
| [14] | Jarup L (2003). Hazards of heavy metal contamination. Br. Med. Bull., 68: pp.167–182. |
| [15] | Jiang W, Liu D, Hou W (2001). Hyperaccumulation of cadmium by roots, bulbs and shoots of garlic (Allium sativum L.). Bioresource Technology 76: pp. 9-13. |
| [16] | Lancaster JE, Shaw ML (1989). γ-Glutamyl peptides in the biosynthesis of S-alk(en)yl-L-cysteine sulphoxides (flavour precursors) in Allium. Phytochemistry 28: pp.455-460. |
| [17] | Lanre-Iyanda T. Y. and Adekunle, I. M. (2012). “ Assessment of heavy metals and their estimated daily intakes from two commonly consumed foods (Kulikuli And Robo) found In Nigeria”, African J. Food, Nutrition and Development, Vol. 3, No. 12, 6157-6169. |
| [18] | Mukerji KG (2004). Fruit and vegetable diseases. Hingham, MA, USA: Kluwer Academic. Pp. 145. |
| [19] | Murasugi A, Wada C, Hayashi Y, (1981). Cadmium-binding peptide induced in fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Journal of Biochemistry 90: pp. 1561-1564. |
| [20] | Nnaji C. J., Uzairu A., Harrison G.F.S. and Balarabe M.L. (2011). Effect of Pollution on the Physico-Chemical Parameters of Water and Sediments of River Galma, Zaria, Nigeria. Research Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences 3(4): 314-320. |
| [21] | Nnaji, J. C., Uzairu, A, Harrison, G. F. S. And Balarabe, M.L., (2007) Evaluation of Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Lead And Zinc Concentrations in the Fish Head/Viscera of Oreochromis Niloticus and Synodontis Schall of River Galma, Zaria, Nigeria, Ejeafche, 6 (10), 2007. 2420-2426. |
| [22] | Odoh, R., and Kolawale, S.A. (2011). Assessment of Trace Heavy Metal Contaminations of Some Selected Vegetables Irrigated with Water from River Benue within Makurdi Metropolis: Benue State, Nigeria. Advances App. Sci Res., 2(5), 590-601. |
| [23] | Ogle BM, Hung PH, Tuyet TT (2001). Significance of wild vegetables in micronutrient intakes of women in Vietnam: An analysis of food variety. Asia. Pacific. J. Clinic. Nutr. 10: pp. 21–30. |
| [24] | Ologe, K.O. (1971). Gully Development in the Zaria Area, Northern Nigeria (with particular reference to the Kubanni Basin). Unpublished Ph.D Thesis University of Liverpool. |
| [25] | Sharma RK, Agrawal A., Mrshal FM (2009). Heavy metals in vegetable collected from production and market sites of a tropical urban area of india. Chem Toxicl. 47(3), 582. |
| [26] | Smith CJ, Hopmans P, Cook FJ (1996). Accumulation of Cr, Pb, Cu, Ni Zn and Cd in soil following irrigation with untreated urban effluents in Austriala. Environmental Pollution. 94(3): pp. 317 – 323. |
| [27] | Suter, G.W. (1993). Ecological risk assessment (pp 538), Boca Raton: Lewis Publishers. |
| [28] | Thorp, M.B. (1970). Landforms of Zaria in Mortomire, M.J. (ed) Zaria and its Region Occasional Paper 4, Department of Geography, ABU, Zaria. |
| [29] | Trichopoulos D (1997). Epidemiology of cancer. In: DeVita, V.T. (Ed.),. Cancer, Principles and Practice of Oncology. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, WHO (1992). Cadmium. Environmental Health Criteria, Geneva 134: pp. 231–258. |
| [30] | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [US EPA]. 1989. Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund: Human Health Evaluation Manual [Part A]: Interim Final. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA [EPA/540/1-89/002]. |
| [31] | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [US EPA]. 2010. Integrated risk information system. Available at: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris/compare.cfm [Accessed Jan. 08, 2010]. |
| [32] | Udiba U. U., Bate Garba, Mahmud Abdullahi, Umar Shitu, Zakariyya Ahmad, Agboun T. D. T, Ozogu, A. N. (2015), Evaluation of the Pollution Status of River Galma Basin in the Vicinity of Dakace Industrial Layout, Zaria, Nigeria (in press) |
| [33] | Udiba U. U., Gauje Balli, Ashade N. O., Ade-Ajayi F.A., Okezie V. C., Aji B. M., Abashe H (2014). An Assessment of the Heavy Metal Status of River Galma around Dakace Industrial Layout, Zaria, Nigeria. Merit Research Journal of Environmental Science and Toxicology, 2(8): 176-184. |
| [34] | Udiba U. U., Inuwa Bashir, Akpan N. S., Ezike N.N., Zuru S. B., Anyanwu S. E., Saleh A. M (2014). The Influence of Industrial Effluents from Dakace Industrial Area on the Heavy Metal profile of River Galma, Zaria, Nigeria. Advances in Applied Science Research, 5(6):165-17. |
| [35] | Udiba U. U., Ogabiela, E. E., Hammuel, C., Magomya, A.M., Yebpella, G. G., Ade-Ajayi, A.F., Odey, M. O. & Gauje, B. (2012a). Post Remediation Assessment of Contaminants Levels in Soil, Dareta Village, Zamfara, Nigeria. Journal of Trends in Advanced Science and Engineering, TASE 4(1), 70-79. |
| [36] | Udiba, U. U., Ogabiela E. E., C. Hammuel, Ade-Ajayi A. F., Odey M. O., Yusuf U., Abdullahi M., Gauje Bali,(2012b), Assessment Of Some Environmental Pollutants In Soil, Dareta Village, Zamfara, Nigeria, Journal of Trends in Advanced Science and Engineering, TASE 5(1) pp 27 – 37. |
| [37] | Ward NI, Field FW, Haines PJ (1995). Environmental Analytical Chemistry in Trace Elements. Nackie Academic and Professional, UK., pp. 320-328. |
| [38] | World Health Organization [WHO]. 1993. Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants. In: Forty-First Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives., WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. (WHO Technical Series, 837) |
| [39] | World Health Organization [WHO]. 1993. Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants. In: Forty-First Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives., WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. (WHO Technical Series, 837). |
| [40] | Yusuf K. A. (2007). Sequential extraction of lead, copper, cadmium and zinc in soil near Ojota Waste Site. Journal of Agronomy, 6 (2), 331-33. |
